|
Periods of Chinese History
|
 |
The empire of Dai 代 (315-376) was the precursor to the Northern Wei empire 北魏 (386-534). It was founded by Tuoba Shiyijian 拓跋什翼犍 who belonged to the people of the Taɣbač (Chinese transcription: Tuoba 拓跋) who belonged to the proto-Mongolian Xianbei 鮮卑. The empire of Dai is not counted among the Sixteen Barbarian States 五胡十六國 (300~430) that dominated northern China during the early Southern and Northern Dynasties period 南北朝 (300~600). The empire of Dai covered the region between the northern tip of the great Yellow River Bend and the Gobi desert as well as parts of the modern provinces of Shanxi and Hebei and of Inner Mongolia. The capital was Shengle 盛樂 (near modern Helingeer 和林格爾, Inner Mongolia).
The first historically attested chieftain of the Taɣbač was Tuoba Liwei 拓跋力微 who reigned over a people of pastoral nomads that roamed the region of Yunzhong 雲中 (modern Inner Mongolia). It seems to have been Liwei who united the various tribes in a federation. In 295 his son Tuoba Luguan 拓跋祿官 divided the Taɣbač into an eastern, western and central wing, according to the custom of the steppe federation of the Xiongnu 匈奴. Luguan himself as the Great Chieftain (daqiu 大酋) resided in Shanggu 上谷 (modern Huailai 懷來, Hebei) and commanded the Eastern Wing. Tuoba Yilu 拓跋猗盧 resided near Shengle and commanded the Western Wing. Tuoba Yiyi 拓跋猗㐌 reided in Canhepo 參合陂 (Yanggao 陽高, Shanxi) and commanded the Central Wing. After the death of his brothers, Tuoba Yilu became the sole ruler of the Taɣbač in 307. The regional inspector (cishi 刺史) of Bingzhou 幷州 (modern Shanxi), Liu Kun 劉琨, suggested to the court of the Jin dynasty 晉 (265-420) to give Tuoba Yili the title of Duke of Dai. In such a position he would be able to contribute troops for the war against the barbarian leaders Liu Cong 劉聰 (see Former Zhao 前趙, 304-329) and Shi Le 石勒 (see Later Zhao 後趙, 319-350). This happened in 310. Five years later Tuoba Yili was promoted to King of Dai. He was succeeded by Tuoba Shiyijian. Shiyijian enriched the system of military followership by a central government with state offcials like used in China. He had also written down the administratived and penal law codex. Shengle became the permanent capital of his state from 340 on. The population of the empire of Dai was divided into the Taɣbač and the Chinese peasants who were differently administered. In 376 Fu Jian 苻堅 (r. 357-384), ruler of the Former Qin empire 前秦 (351-395), defeated Shiyijian in battle. The troops of Dai disintegrated, and the King was killed by his own son Tuoba Shijun 拓跋寔君. Only a decade later, in 386, Tuoba Gui 拓跋珪 revived the kingdom of Dai and called it Wei 魏 a year later. This is the Northern Wei dynasty (q.v.).
Rulers of Dai 代 (315-376)
Capital: Shengle 盛樂 (near modern Helingeer 和林格爾/Inner Mongolia)
Ethnicity: Xianbei 鮮卑, clan or subtribe Tuoba 拓跋 |
dynastic title {temple name}
-----reign periods |
personal name |
Predynastic chieftains (called tuoba 托跋 "rulers of the earth") |
| A minor son of Chang Yi (Changyi) 昌意, son of the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi 黃帝), is entrusted with the northern part of the world |
| 67 generations... |
| Beiwei Chengdi 成帝 | Tuoba Mao 拓跋毛 |
Beiwei Jiedi 北魏節皇帝
| Tuoba Dai 拓跋貸 |
Beiwei Zhuangdi 北魏莊皇帝
| Tuoba Guan 拓跋觀 |
Beiwei Mingdi 北魏明皇帝
| Tuoba Lou 拓跋樓 |
Beiwei Andi 北魏安皇帝
| Tuoba Yue 拓跋越 |
Beiwei Xuandi 北魏宣皇帝
| Tuoba Tuiyin 拓跋推寅 |
Beiwei Jingdi 北魏景皇帝
| Tuoba Li 拓跋利 |
Beiwei Yuandi 北魏元皇帝
| Tuoba Si 拓跋俟 |
Beiwei Hedi 北魏和皇帝
| Tuoba Si 拓跋肆 |
Beiwei Dingdi 北魏定皇帝
| Tuoba Ji 拓跋機 |
Beiwei Xidi 北魏僖皇帝
| Tuoba Gai 拓跋蓋 |
Beiwei Weidi 北魏威皇帝
| Tuoba Kuai 拓跋儈 |
Beiwei Xiandi 北魏獻皇帝
| Tuoba Lin 拓跋鄰 |
| Beiwei Shengwudi 聖武帝 | Tuoba Jiefen 拓跋詰汾 |
Beiwei Shenyuandi 北魏神元帝 {Shizu 始祖} (58 years)
| Tuoba Liwei 拓跋力微 |
| Beiwei Wendi 北魏文帝 | Tuoba Shamohan 拓跋沙漠汗 |
| Beiwei Zhangdi 北魏章帝 (9 years) | Tuoba Xilu 拓跋悉鹿 |
| Beiwei Pingdi 北魏平帝 (7 years) | Tuoba Chuo 拓跋綽 |
| Beiwei Sidi 北魏思帝 (1 year) | Tuoba Fu 拓跋弗 |
| Beiwei Zhaodi 北魏昭帝 r. 291-304 | Tuoba Luguan 拓跋祿官 |
| Beiwei Huandi 北魏桓帝 r. 291-303 | Tuoba Yiyi 拓跋猗㐌 |
Beiwei Mudi 北魏穆帝 r. 315-337
322 Given the title of King of Dai 代 | Tuoba Yilu 拓跋猗盧 |
| Beiwei Pingwendi 北魏平文帝 r. 317-321 | Tuoba Yulü 拓跋鬱律 |
| Beiwei Huidi 北魏惠帝 r. 321-325 | Tuoba Heru 拓跋賀傉 |
| Beiwei Shangdi 北魏煬帝 r. 325-329 |
Tuoba Gena 拓跋紇那 |
| Beiwei Liedi 北魏烈帝 r. 329-335 |
Tuoba Yikuai 拓跋翳槐 |
| Beiwei Shangdi (2nd time) r. 335-337 |
|
| Beiwei Liedi (2nd time) r. 337-338 |
|
Beiwei Zhaochengdi 北魏昭成帝 r. 338-376
-----Jianguo 建國 338-376 |
Tuoba Shiyijian 拓跋什翼犍 |
|
Sources: Lu Kaiwan 盧開萬 (1992), "Dai 代", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhongguo lishi 中國歷史 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 1, p. 151. ● Zhongguo lishi da cidian bianzuan weiyuanhui 中國歷史大辭典編纂委員會 (ed. 2000), Zhongguo lishi da cidian 中國歷史大辭典 (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe), Vol. 2, pp. 3319, 3321.
October 30, 2011 © Ulrich Theobald · Mail
|
|
Map and Geography
Event History
Emperors and Rulers
(Jin)
Government and Administration
 (Jin)
Literature and Philosophy
Religion
 (Jin)
Technology and Inventions
Economy
 (Jin)
Arts
|
