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jiaxun 家訓, family instructions

Feb 29, 2021 © Ulrich Theobald

Jiaxun 家訓 "family instructions" is a particular type of educational text. It served for private purposes as material written by a family head to instruct coming generations. Family instructions were usually written by males for males (and females), but occasionally also by females for females. The most famous text of the "female" genre is Ban Zhao's 班昭 (c. 45-c. 117 CE) Nüjie 女誡. One of the oldest surviving jiaxun texts is Yan Zhitui's 顏之推 (531-589) Yanshi jiaxun 顏氏家訓. Written in a special mode are Zhu Xi's 朱熹 (1130-1200) Jiali 家禮 which focus on ritual matters and are composed according to the five types of rites, namely auspicious (capping and wedding, sacrifices), inauspicious (funerals), congratulatory, hosting, and military rites (none of the latter). It is thus similar to older Confucian texts on rituals as for instance, various chapters of the ritual Classics Liji 禮記 and Yili 儀禮.

The usual jiaxun texts are written in a less stringent pattern. Instructions to sons and grandsons are seen in the oldest surviving books of China, mainly the Classic Shangshu 尚書 "Book of Documents", where kings admonish the crown prince (chapters Kanggao 康誥, Shaogao 召誥, Wuyi 無逸 or Jun Shi 君奭). Dong Seqi's 董色起 (late 17th cent.) Shangshu jiaxun 尚書家訓 is an example how statements in the Shangshu were interpreted in the context of and used for the purpose of "family instructions".

The oldest surviving specialized texts of the jiaxun genre are Yan Zhitui's Yanzi jiaxun and Emperor Taizong's 唐太宗 (626-649) Difan 帝範. Yan Zhitui, experiencing times of trouble, warned his sons that fortune cannot be relied on, and therefore urged them to learn filial piety, honest words, modesty, to bring moral order into the house, follow the way of the ancient sages, and to make oneself a name in this way. Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty mirrored the negative example of Emperor Yang 隋煬帝 (r. 604-617) of the short-lived Sui dynasty 隋 (581-618) in order to make his sons acquire the right, virtuous way of a ruler (zheng shen xiu de 正身修德), and not fall for arrogance and profligacy.

Yan's book became a model for the many Song-period 宋 (960-1279) family instructions like Yuan Cai's 袁采 Yuanshi jiafan 袁氏(shifan世)家範, Fan Zhongyan's 范仲淹 Yizhuang guiju 義莊規矩, Sima Guang's 司馬光 Jiafan 家範 and Jiayi 家儀, Ye Mengde's 葉夢得 Shilin jiaxun 石林家訓, Lu You's 陸游 (1125-1210) Fangweng jiaxun 放翁家訓, Zhu Xi's Jiaxun, or those from the Ming period 明 (1368-1644), like Zheng Taihe's 鄭太和 Zhengshi guifan 鄭氏規範, Ms Wen Yijie's 溫以介 "maternal instructions" Wenshi muxun 溫氏母訓, or the preface (xu 序) of Shengxue xinfa 聖學心法, written by Emperor Chengzu 明成祖 (r. 1402-1424). Texts from the Qing period 清 (1644-1911) are Zhu Bolu's 朱伯廬 famous primer Zhijia geyan 治家格言, imperial instructions written by the Kangxi 康熙帝 (r. 1661-1722) and Yongzheng 雍正帝 (r. 1722-1735) emperors (Shangyu shiliu tiao 上諭十六條, Tingxun geyan 庭訓格言, Shengyu guangxun 聖諭廣訓), or Zeng Guofan's 曾國藩 (1811-1872) instructive letter to his sons, Jiaozishu 教子書. To a certain extent, Emperor Taizu's 明太祖 (r. 1368-1398) house law Zuxun 祖訓 from the early Ming era must also be counted among the family instructions.

Private instructions were usually called jiashu 家書, jiagui 家規, yixun 遺訓, or zufa 族法. The basic tenets of family instructions were not only directed towards the next generation, but likewise provided requests to parents. They were, for instance, obliged to love all children equally. Parents served as models to their children, and thus displayed not just authority to their own children, but also respect to all elderly and to friends.

Education began in early childhood (taijiao 胎教). Also in this respect, parents were examples for their children. The aim was to educate children in a way that they served well the wider kinship, society as a whole, and also the government. For this purpose, virtues (filiality, loyalty, sincerity, modesty, benignity, reputation) and the preservation of social order was of great importance, for instance, the paradigm that males were of higher standing than females (nan zun nü bei 男尊女卑), or the strict obedience of sons to their fathers. Finally, the internal peace of a family was a foremost aim of family instructions. This tenet found an early expression in the Classic Daxue 大學, where a "settled family" (qi jia 齊家) is seen as the fundament of a well-governed state (zhi guo 治國).

顏之推的《顏氏家訓》 周公的《誡伯禽書》 司馬談的《命子遷》 諸葛亮的《誡子書》和《誡外甥書》 顏之推的《顏氏家訓》 唐太宗的《誡皇屬》 包拯的《包拯家訓》 歐陽修的《誨學說》 袁采的《袁氏世范》 朱柏廬的《朱子家訓》 曾國藩《曾國藩家訓》 原文網址:https://kknews.cc/culture/px8agae.html
3. Family instructions
女誡 * Nüjie (Han) 班昭 Ban Zhao
女師箴 * Nüshizhen (Han) 皇甫規 Huangfu Gui
女史箴 * Nüshizhen (Jin) 張華 Zhang Hua
Nüjie Cai Yong
家誡 Jiajie 稽康 Xi Kang
庭誥文 Tinggaowen 顏廷之 Yan Tingzhi
顏氏家訓 Yanshi jiaxunMiscellaneous treatises (Sui) 顏之推 Yan Zhitui
帝範 四卷 Difan (Tang) 唐太宗 Emperor Tang Taizong
家範
居家雜儀
Jiafan
Jujia zayi
司馬光 Sima Guang
樂善錄 Leshanlu 李昌齡 Li Changling
石林家訓 Shilin jiaxun 葉夢得 Ye Mengde
家訓筆錄 Jiaxun bilu 趙鼎 Zhao Ding
Fangweng jiaxun Lu You
居家正本
居家制用
Jujia zhengben
Jujia zhiyong
陸九韶 Lu Jiushao
陸九韶 Lu Jiushao
許雲邨貽謀 Xu Yuncun yimou 許雲邨 Xu Yuncun
鄭氏規範 Zhengshi guifan 鄭文融 Zheng Wenrong
Neixun
渭厓家訓 Weiya jiaxun 霍韜 Huo Tao
訓子言 Xunziyan 袁黃 Yuan Huang
Pangshi jiaxun
藥言 Yaoyan 姚舜牧 Yao Shunmu
教友堂家訓
教友堂家規
Jiaoyutang jiaxun
Jiaoyoutang jiagui
孫奇逢 Sun Qifeng
Wenshi muxun
家訓要言 Jiaxun yaoyan 吳麟征 Wu Linzheng
Zhijia geyan
聰訓齋語 Congxun zhaiyu 張英 Zhang Ying
德星堂家訂 Dexingtang jiading 許汝霖 Xu Rulin
Jiangshi jiaxun
Nüfan jielu
教兒經 Jiao'erjing NN
敬義堂家訓 Jingyitang jiaxun (Qing) 紀大奎 Ji Dakui
求可堂家訓 Qiuketang jiaxun (Qing) 廖冀亨 Liao Jiheng
奉常家訓 Fengchang jiaxun 王時敏 Wang Shimin
霜紅龕家訓 Shuanghongkan jiaxun 傅山 Fu Shan
包拯家訓 Bao Zheng jiaxun 包拯 Bao Zheng
里堂家訓 Litang jiaxun 焦循 Jiao Xun
學庸家訓 Xueyong jiaxun 金崇城 Jin Chongcheng
曾文正公家書 (曾國藩家書) Zeng Wenzhenggong jiashu (Zeng Guofan jiashu) 曾國藩 Zeng Guofan
戒子書 Jiezishu 鄭玄 Zheng Xuan
柳玭家訓 Liu Pin jiaxun (Tang) 柳玭 Liu Pin
教諸女十二條 Jiao zhunü shi'er tiao 賀欽 He Qin
李氏庭訓 Lishi tingxun (Qing/Rep) 李烈鈞 Li Liejun
Books on females:
Table x. Early books on female instruction
女誡 八卷 Nüjie (Han) 曹大家 Cao Dajia = 班昭 Ban Zhao
Fragments (quoted in...)
女憲 (殘) Nüxian () NN (Nüjie)
女訓 (殘) Nüxun (Han) 蔡邕 Cai Yong (Taiping yulan 太平御覽 577)
女誡 (殘) Nüjie (Han) 蔡邕 Yai Yong (Wenxuan 文選 commentary)
女誡 (殘) Nüjie (Han) 荀爽 Xun Shuang (Yiwen leiju 藝文類聚 23)
女師箴 (殘) Nüshizhen (Han) 皇甫規 Huangfu Gui (Yiwen leiju 15)
戒諸女及婦 (殘) Jie zhunü ji fu (Han) 杜泰姬 Du Taiji (Huayang guo zhi 華陽國志)
敕二婦 (殘) Chi er fu (Han) 楊禮珪 Yang Ligui (Huayang guo zhi)
女史箴 (殘) Nüshizhen (Jin) 張華 Zhang Hua (Wenxuan 56)
女史箴 (殘) Nüshizhen (Jin) 裴頠 Pei Wei (Yiwen leiju 15)
女典 (殘) Nüdian (Jin) 程曉 Cheng Xiao (Yiwen leiju 23)
戒兄女言 (殘) Jie xiongnü yan (Jin) 庾袞 Yu Gun (Jiezi tonglu 戒子通錄 8)
列女傳 (殘) Lienüzhuan (Jin) 皇甫謐 Huangfu Mi (Yiwen leiju 35)
女儀 (殘) Nüyi (Beiwei) 崔浩 Cui Hao (Taiping yulan 28)
Lost, list according to bibliographies
女孝經 一卷 Nü xiaojing (Han) 班婕妤 Ban Jieyu
列女傳注 十五卷 Lienüzhuan zhu (Han) 曹大家 Cao Dajia=班昭 Ban Zhao
列女傳注 Lienüzhuan zhu (Han) 馬融 Ma Rong
女史篇 一卷 Nüshizhen (Han) 蔡邕 Cai Yong
女誡 一卷 Nüjie (Han) 杜篤 Du Du
列女傳頌 一卷 Lienüzhuan song (Han) 劉歆 Liu Xin
列女傳 八卷 Lienüzhuan (Cao-Wei) 劉熙 Liu Xi
貞絜記 一卷 Zhenjieji (Shu) 諸葛亮 Zhuge Liang
諸葛武侯女誡 一卷 Zhuge Wuhou Nüjie (Shu) 諸葛亮 Zhuge Liang
列女傳頌 一卷 Lienüzhuan song (Cao-Wei) 曹植 Cao Zhi
列女傳贊 一卷 Lienüzhuan zan (Cao-Wei) 繆襲 Miao Xi
列女傳 七卷 Lienüzhuan (Cao-Wei) 趙母 Mother Zhao
列女傳 八卷 Lienüzhuan (Cao-Wei?) 高氏 Ms Gao
女記 十卷 Nüji (Jin) 杜預 Du Yu
列女傳 七卷 Lienüzhuan (Jin) 綦毋邃 Qiwu Sui
列女後傳 Lienü houzhuan (Jin) 王接 Wang Jie
列女後傳 Lienü houzhuan (Jin) 王愆期 Wang Qianqi
女訓 十六卷 Nüxun (Jin) 李婉 Li Wan
典式 八篇 Dianshi (Jin) 李婉 Li Wan
列女傳序贊 一卷 Lienüzhuan xuzan (Jin?) 孫夫人 Sun Furen
列女後傳 十卷 Lienü houzhuan () 項原 Xiang Yua (項宗 Xiang Zong, 顏原 Yan Yuan)
妒記 二卷 Duji (Liu-Song) 虞通之 Yu Tongzhi
後妒記 四卷 Hou duji (Liu-Song) 虞通之 Yu Tongzhi
娣姒訓 一卷 Disixun (Jin) 馮少冑 Feng Shaozhou
婦人訓解集 十卷 Funüxun jieji (Liu-Song) 徐湛之 Xu Zhanzhi
內訓 二十卷 Neixun (Beichao) 辛德源 Xin Deyuan ,王邵 Wang Shao
列女傳要錄 三卷 Lienüzhuan yaolu () NN
美婦人傳 六卷 Mei furen zhuan () NN
女篇 一卷 Nüpian () NN
女鑒 一卷 Nüjian () NN
貞順志 一卷 Zhenshunzhi () NN
女訓集 六卷 Nüxun ji () NN
女則要錄 十卷 Nüze yaolu (Tang) 長孫皇后 Empress Zhangsun
列女傳略 七卷 Lienüzhuan lüe (Tang) 魏徵 Wei Zheng
武后列女傳 一百卷 Wu Hou Lienüzhuan (Tang) 武則天 Wu Zeitian
孝女傳 二十卷 Xiaonüzhuan (Tang) 武則天 Wu Zetian
古今內範 一百卷 Gujin neifan () NN
內範要略 十卷 Neifan yaolüe () NN
保傅乳母傳 七卷 Baofu rumu zhuan () NN
鳳樓新誡 二十卷 Fenglou xinjie () NN
王氏女記 十卷 Wangshi nüji (Tang) 王方慶 Wang Fangqing
王氏王嬪傳 五卷 Wangshi wangbin zhuan (Tang) 王方慶 Wang Fangqing
續妒記 五卷 Xu duji () NN
女論語 十篇 Shanggong Songshi Nü lunyu (Tang) 尚宮宋氏 Ms Song
續曹大家女訓 十二章 Xue Meng qi Weishi Xu Cao Dajia nüxun (Tang) 薛蒙妻韋氏 Ms Wei
女誡 一卷 Wang Tuan qi Yangshi Nüjie (Tang) 王摶妻楊氏 Ms Yang
Sources:
Chen Ying 陳瑛, Xu Qixian 許啟賢, ed. (1989). Zhongguo lunli da cidian 中國倫理大辭典 (Shenyang: Liaoning renmin chubanshe), 462, 489, 595, 656
Di Bo 翟博, ed. (1993). Zhongguo jiaxun jingdian 中國家訓經典 (Haikou: Hainan chubanshe).
Jiaoyu da cidian bianzuan weiyuanhui 《教育大辭典》編纂委員會, ed. (1991). Jiaoyu da cidian 教育大辭典, part 8, Zhongguo gudai jiaoyu shi 中國古代教育史 (Shanghai: Shanghai jiaoyu chubanshe), Vol. 1, 252.
Li Xueqin 李學勤, Lü Wenyu 呂文郁, ed. (1996). Siku da cidian 四庫大辭典 (Changchun: Jilin daxue chubanshe), Vol. 1, 614, 2767
Wang Zhaoxian 王兆先, Cheng Changzhu 程昌柱, Gao Xuegui 高學貴, ed. (1992). Jiating jiaoyu cidian 家庭教育辭典 (Nanjing: Nanjing daxue chubanshe), 110, 111, 113, 1910
Xu Shaojin 徐少錦 et al., ed. (1993). Zhongguo lidai jiaxun daquan 中國歷代家訓大全 (Beijing: Zhongguo guangbo dianshi chubanshe).
Zhao Hong 趙紅,Luan Xiaomei 欒曉妹 (2020). "Xian-Qin Han Wei Jin Nanbeichao nü jiaoshu zhi kaolun 先秦漢魏晉南北朝女教書之考論", Shihezi Daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) 石河子大學學報(哲學社會科學版), 34 (3): 116-124.