Guangyun 廣韻 (www.chinaknowledge.de)

Literature > Confucian Classics > Lesser Learning > Guangyun

Jul 17, 2010 © Ulrich Theobald

Guangyun 廣韻 "Extended rhymes" is a character dictionary from the Northern Song period 北宋 (960-1126). The characters are arranged according to pronunciation, in rhyme groups. The whole title is Da-Song chongxiu Guangyun 大宋重修廣韻. It was compiled by Chen Pengnian 陳彭年 during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong 宋真宗 (r. 997-1022) on the base of earlier rhyme dictionaries, the Qieyun 切韻 and the Tangyun 唐韻, and thus perpetuated the system of arranging characters in rhyme groups. The Guangyun is the first government-issued rhyme dictionary in China. It is also the oldest rhyme dictionary surviving in total and therefore became an important tool for the study of ancient Chinese language, in this case, late middle Chinese.

Figure 1. Beginning of the *Guangyun*, Song-period edition

Beginning of the Guangyun, Guyi congshu 古逸叢書 edition, reproducing a Song period print, and therefore called Fu Songben chongqiu Guangyun 覆宋本重修廣韻. The first fascicle includes the level-tone (pingsheng 平聲) rhyme groups from 東 to 山. In the "table of contents", the pronuncation according to the fanqie system 反切 is written above each head character (like 德紅 for 東), and in some cases, integrative (tongyong 同用) or exclusive (duyong 獨用) use of head characters is indicated. Click to enlarge.

Figure 2. Beginning of the *Guangyun*, Yuan-period edition

Beginning of the Guangyun, , Guyi congshu edition, reproducing a Yuan period print (Taiding reign-period), and therefore called Yuan Taiding Guangyun 元泰定廣韻. The entries are much shorter than in the Song version.

The Guangyun is 5 juan "scrolls" long. The characters are arranged in 206 rhyme groups, namely 57 level tone rhymes (pingsheng 平聲, because of the length of this part divided into two series of 28 shang pingsheng 上平聲 from 東 to 山 and 29 xia pingsheng 下平聲 from 先 to 凡), 55 falling-rising tone rhymes (shangsheng 上聲), 60 falling tone rhymes (qusheng 去聲), and 34 entering tone rhymes (rusheng 入聲).

The Guangyun records 26,194 characters and explains their meaning. The characters are, below the level of rhyme groups, arranged in groups of homophones, of which 3,890 are existing.

Table 1. The *Guangyun* 廣韻 rhymes and the reduction to the Pingshui rhymes 平水韻
The she 攝 rhyme groups are derived from Sankrit. For each of the four tones the rhyme groups are counted separately, the level tone series is divided into two. Numbers in brackets () indicate the absolute number of the 206 rhymes. During the Song period the rhyme groups were reduced to 106, indicated in square brackets []. For this process rhyme groups were merged, indicated with an arrow →. Four rhyme groups have been merged with quite distant groups (拯, 證 into 迥; 等 and 嶝 into 徑).
she 攝 rhymes	IPA	level tone pingsheng 平聲	falling-raising tone shangsheng 上聲	falling tone qusheng 去聲	entering tone rusheng 入聲
通	uŋ, ĭuŋ	1 [1] 東	1 (58) [31] 董	1 (113) [60] 送	1 (173) [90] 屋 uk, ĭuk
	uoŋ	2 [2] 冬		2 (114) [61] 宋	2 (174) [91] 沃 uok
	ĭωoŋ	3 鍾 → 冬	2 (59) [32] 腫	3 (115) 用 → 宋	3 (175) 燭 → 沃 ĭωok
江	ɔŋ, ωɔŋ	4 [3] 江	3 (60) [33] 講	4 (116) [62] 絳	4 (176) [92] 覺 ɔk, ωɔk
止	ĭe, ĭωe	5 [4] 支	4 (61) [34] 紙	5 (117) [63] 寘
	i, ωi	6 脂 → 支	5 (62) 旨 → 紙	6 (118) 至 → 寘
	ĭə	7 之 → 支	6 (63) 止 → 紙	7 (119) 志 → 寘
	ĭəi, ĭωəi	8 [5] 微	7 (64) [35] 尾	8 (120) [64] 未
遇	ĭo	9 [6] 魚	8 (65) [36] 語	9 (121) [65] 御
	ĭu	10 [7] 虞	9 (66) [37] 麌	10 (122) [66] 遇
	u, uo	11 模 → 虞	10 (67) 姥 → 麌	11 (123) 暮 → 遇
蟹	iei, iωei	12 [8] 齊	11 (68) [38] 薺	12 (124) [67] 霽
	ĭɛi, ĭωɛi			13 (125) 祭 → 霽
	ɑi, uɑi			14 (126) [68] 泰
	ai, ωai	13 [9] 佳	12 (69) [39] 蟹	15 (127) [69] 卦
	ɐi, ωɐi	14 皆 → 佳	13 (70) 駭 → 蟹	16 (128) 怪 → 卦
	æi, ωæi			17 (129) 夬 → 卦
	uɒi	15 [10] 灰	14 (71) [40] 賄	18 (130) [70] 隊
	ɒi	16 咍 → 灰	15 (72) 海 → 賄	19 (131) 代 → 隊
	ĭɐi, ĭωɐi			20 (132) 廢 → 隊
瑧	ĭěn, ĭωěn	17 [11] 眞	16 (73) [41] 軫	21 (133) [71] 震	5 (177) [93] 質 ĭět, ĭωět
	ĭuěn	18 諄 → 眞	17 (74) 準 → 軫	22 (134) 稕 → 震	6 (178) 術 → 質 ĭuět
	ĭen	19 臻 → 眞			7 (179) 櫛 → 質 ĭet
	ĭuən	20 [12] 文	18 (75) [42] 吻	23 (135) [72] 問	8 (180) [94] 物 ĭuət
	ĭən	21 欣 → 文	19 (76) 隱 → 吻	24 (136)焮 → 問	9 (181) 迄 → 物 ĭət
	uən	22 魂 → 文	21 (77) 混 → 吻	26 (137) 慁 → 問	11 (182) 沒 → 物 uət
	ən	23 痕 → 文	22 (78) 很 → 吻	27 (138) 恨 → 問
山	ĭɐn, ĭωɐn	24 [13] 元	20 (79) [43] 阮	25 (139) [73] 願	10 (183) [95] 月 ĭɐt, ĭωɐt
	ɑn	25 [14] 寒	23 (80) [44] 旱	28 (140) [74] 翰	12 (184) [96] 曷 ɑt
	uɑn	26 桓 → 寒	24 (81) 緩 → 旱	29 (141) 換 → 翰	13 (185) 末 → 曷 uɑt
	an, ωan	27 [15] 刪	25 (82) [45] 潸	30 (142) [75] 諌	14 (186) [97] 黠 at, ωat
	æn, ωæn	28 山 → 刪	26 (83) 產 → 潸	31 (143) 襉 → 諌	15 (187) 鎋 → 黠 æt, ωæt
	ien, iωen	1 (29) [16] 先	27 (84) [46] 銑	32 (144) [76] 霰	16 (188) [98] 屑 iet, iωet
	ĭɛn, ĭωɛn	2 (30) 仙 → 先	28 (85) 獮 → 銑	33 (145) 線 → 霰	17 (189) 薛 → 屑 ĭɛt, ĭωɛt
效	ieu	3 (31) [17] 蕭	29 (86) [47] 篠	34 (146) [77] 嘯
	ĭɛu	4 (32) 宵 → 蕭	30 (87) 小 → 篠	35 (147) 笑 → 嘯
	au	5 (33) [18] 肴	31 (88) [48] 巧	36 (148) [78] 效
	ɑu	6 (34) [19] 豪	32 (89) [49] 皓	37 (149) [79] 號
果	ɑ	7 (35) [20] 歌	33 (90) [50] 哿	38 (150) [80] 箇
果	uɑ, ĭɑ, ĭuɑ	8 (36) 戈 → 歌	34 (91) 果 → 哿	39 (151) 過 → 箇
假	a, ĭa, ωa	9 (37) [21] 麻	35 (92) [51] 馬	40 (152) [81] 禡
宕	ĭaŋ, ĭωaŋ	10 (38) [22] 陽	36 (93) [52]養	41 (153) [82] 漾	18 (190) [99] 藥 ĭak, ĭωak
宕	ɑŋ, uɑŋ	11 (39) 唐 → 陽	37 (94) 蕩 → 養	42 (154) 宕 → 漾	19 (191) 鐸 → 藥 ɑk, uɑk
梗	ɐŋ, ĭɐŋ, ωɐŋ, ĭωɐŋ	12 (40) [23] 庚	38 (95) [53] 梗	43 (155) [83] 敬	20 (192) [100] 陌 ɐk, ĭɐk, ωɐk, ĭωɐk
	æŋ, ωæŋ	13 (41) 耕 → 庚	39 (96) 耿 → 梗	44 (156) 諍 → 敬	21 (193) 麥 → 陌 æk, ωæk
	ĭɛŋ, ĭωɛŋ	14 (42) 清 → 庚	40 (97) 靜 → 梗	45 (157) 勁 → 敬	22 (194) 昔 → 陌 ĭɛk, ĭωɛk
	ieŋ, iωeŋ	15 (43) [24] 靑	41 (98) [54] 迥	46 (158) [84] 徑	23 (195) [101] 錫 iek, iωek
曾	ĭəŋ, ĭωəŋ	16 (44) [25] 蒸	42 (99) 拯 (> 迥)	47 (159) 證 (> 徑)	24 (196) [102] 職 ĭək, ĭωək
曾	əŋ, uəŋ	17 (45) 登 → 蒸	43 (100) 等 (> 迥)	48 (160) 嶝 (> 徑)	25 (197) 德 → 職 ək, uək
流	ĭəu	18 (46) [26] 尤	44 (101) [55] 有	49 (161) [85] 宥
	əu	19 (47) 侯 → 尤	45 (102) 厚 → 有	50 (162) 候 → 宥
	iəu	20 (48) 幽 → 尤	46 (103) 黝 → 有	51 (163) 幼 → 宥
深	ĭěm	21 (49) [27] 侵	47 (104) [56] 寑	52 (164) [86] 沁	26 (198) [103] 緝 ĭěp
咸	ɒm	22 (50) [28] 覃	48 (105) [57] 感	53 (165) [87] 勘	27 (199) [104] 合 ɒp
	ɑm	23 (51) 談 → 覃	49 (106) 敢 → 感	54 (166) 鬫 → 勘	28 (200) 盍 → 合 ɑp
	ĭɛm	24 (52) [29] 鹽	50 (107) [58] 琰	55 (167) [88] 豔	29 (201) [105] 葉 ĭɛp
	iem	25 (53) 添 → 鹽	51 (108) 忝 → 琰	56 (168) 㮇 → 豔	30 (202) 帖 → 葉 iep
	ɐm	26 (54) [30] 咸	53 (109) [59] 豏	58 (169) [89] 陷	31 (203) [106] 洽 ɐp
	am	27 (55) 銜 → 咸	54 (110) 檻 → 豏	59 (170) 鑑 → 陷	32 (204) 狎 → 洽 ap
	ĭɐm	28 (56) 嚴 → 咸	52 (111) 儼 → 豏	57 (171) 釅 → 陷	33 (205) 業 → 洽 ĭɐp
	ĭωɐm	29 (57) 凡 → 咸	55 (112) 梵 → 豏	60 (172) 范 → 陷	34 (206) 乏 → 洽 ĭωɐp

Table 2. The 34 groups of homophones in the rhyme group 東 [-ʊŋ˥]
This section is an overview of the characters or words included in the first rhyme group, 東 [duŋ˥]. It includes 34 series of homophones which are grouped under one heading character each, for which the pronunciation is given according to the fanqie system and the modern IPA system. Of the homophones, only the characters are given here, but this is enough to give an impression of the whole system. Some characters are to be found in two places, indicating that they have several different pronunciations.
1	【東】	德紅切 tuŋ	東菄鶇䍶𠍀倲𩜍𢘐涷蝀凍鯟𢔅崠埬𧓕䰤
2	【同】	徒紅切 dʰuŋ	同仝童僮銅桐峒硐𦨴𧱁筒瞳㼧𤭁罿犝筩潼曈洞侗橦烔䴀挏酮鮦㼿𦏆眮蕫穜衕𩍅𢈉䆚哃𢏕絧𨚯𨝯𪔜𩦶𪒿
3	【中】	陟弓切 ţĭuŋ	中衷忠𦬕(ţĭuŋ˥˩)
4	【蟲】	直弓切 ɖʰĭuŋ	蟲沖种盅爞𦬕(ţĭuŋ˩˥) 翀
5	【終】	職戎切 tɕĭuŋ	終衆潨𣧩螽𧑄鼨蔠柊𩅉䶱鴤䈺泈䝦
6	【忡】	敕中切 ţʰĭuŋ	忡浺盅
7	【崇】	鋤弓切 dʒʰĭuŋ	崇崈㓽𩞉
8	【嵩】	息弓切 sĭuŋ	嵩崧𪀚娀菘硹㣝𧊕𨱿
9	【戎】	如融切 nʑĭuŋ	戎𢦦茙㭜駥𥬪𠈋狨絨
10	【弓】	居戎切 kĭuŋ	弓躳躬㴦宮匑
11	【融】	以戎切 jĭuŋ	融融肜瀜
12	【雄】	羽弓切 ĭuŋ	雄熊
13	【瞢】	莫中切 mĭuŋ	瞢夢𨞯懜𦫰𧲎
14	【穹】	去宮切 kʰĭuŋ	穹𢞏焪芎𦵡匑𥳎
15	【窮】	渠弓切 gʰĭuŋ	窮藭𥨪
16	【馮】	房戎切 bʰĭuŋ	馮堸汎芃𨝭渢梵
17	【風】	方戎切 pĭuŋ	風飌楓猦偑檒𧆉
18	【豐】	敷隆切 pʰĭuŋ	豐酆蘴灃寷麷㒥㠦
19	【充】	昌終切 tɕʰĭuŋ	充珫茺㤝䘪𪎽㳘
20	【隆】	力中切 lĭuŋ	隆癃𪔳窿霳㚅
21	【空】	苦紅切 kʰuŋ	空箜崆椌硿䅝悾埪倥涳鵼𦱇悾𧌆
22	【公】	古紅切 kuŋ	公功工疘蚣玒釭魟攻㓚愩碽篢
23	【蒙】	莫紅切 muŋ	蒙冡濛𩦺艨䑃矇饛䰒檬䤓䵆𨣘鸏幪罞𢄐髳蠓𦿏雺霿霚朦䀄懜靀
24	【籠】	盧紅切 luŋ	籠豅㰍朧𡃡龓䪊瀧聾𨏠礱䆍𪚗嚨蘢櫳𤮨巃襱𧙥瓏曨鸗𩟭蠪㟅屸
25	【洪】	戸公切 ɣuŋ	洪鉷訌紅虹仜鴻葒葓谼粠烘洚渱𨹁魟䧆𩐠𦏺䫹𨾊
26	【叢】	徂紅切 dzʰuŋ	叢藂䕺潨𥵫
27	【翁】	烏紅切 ʔuŋ	翁螉䱵蓊䈵䩺㮬𩔚
28	【怱】	倉紅切 tsʰuŋ	怱忩葱楤𨍉聦繱𤧚騘䗓囱𨣭鍯㷓𢊕
29	【通】	他紅切 tʰuŋ	通蓪侗恫痌曈俑𧳆𨀜
30	【葼】	子紅切 tsuŋ	葼鬷嵕猣豵鯼椶騣𩮀蹤嵸艐蝬堫𥓻翪緵㚇㣭稯鬉
31	【蓬】	薄紅切 bʰuŋ	蓬𥭗篷髼蜂芃𧚋韸䮾
32	【烘】	呼東切 xuŋ	烘叿魟谾𩐠
33	【㟅】	五東切 ŋuŋ	㟅
34	【檧】	蘇公切 suŋ	檧憽㬝

Quotation 1. The 17 homophoneous words pronounced 東 [dʊŋ˥]
【東】春方也。《說文》曰：「動也。从日在木中。」亦東風菜。《廣州記》云：「陸地生，莖赤，和肉作羹，味如酪，香似蘭。」《吳都賦》云：「草則東風。」扶留又姓。舜七友有東不訾。又漢複姓十三氏。《左傳》魯郷東門襄仲後因氏焉。齊有大夫東郭偃。又有東宮得臣。晉有東關嬖五。《神仙傳》有廣陵人，東陵聖母適杜氏。齊景公時有隱居東陵者，乃以爲氏。《丗本》宋大夫東郷爲[人]。賈執《英賢傳》云：「今高密有東郷姓，宋有貟外郎，東陽無疑撰。《齊諧記》七卷「昔有東閭子，甞富貴，後乞於道云：『吾爲相六年，未薦一士。』。」夏禹之後，東樓公封于杞。後以爲氏。《莊子》東野稷。漢有平原東方朔。《曹瞞傳》有南陽太守東里昆何氏。《姓苑》有東萊氏。〖德紅切（tuŋ）〗。十七。	The direction of Spring. The Shuowen jiezi says, "[East [dʊŋ˥] means] moving [dʊŋ˨˩]. [The character is a combination] of a sun within a tree." Also, the vegetables of the east wind. The Guangzhouji says, "it grows on solid earth, with red stalks of which a meat broth can be made, the taste is similar to yoghurt, and the fragrance like that of orchids." The [rhapsody] Wudufu says, "The grass is ruled [by the] east wind." The surname [of Dong] is known in Fuliu. Among the seven friends of Shun was a certain Dong Buzi. During the Han period there were still seventeen clans of that surname. In the Zuozhuan there was a certain Xiang Zhong from the east gate of the town of Lu. He was later given the surname of Dong. In the state of Qi there was a Grand Master called Dongguo Yan. There was also somebody from the Eastern Palace becoming a minister. In the state of Jin there were five secondary wives of the Eastern Pass. The Shenxianzhuan tells of a man from Guangling, surname Du, and realted to the Holy Mother of Dongling. During the reign of Duke Jing of Qi, there was a recluse called Dongling. Dongling had thus become a surname. According to the Shiben, there were noblemen of the state of Song with the [surname of] Dongxiang. Jia Zhi's Yingxianzhuan says, there is a surname Dongxiang in Gaomi, whose representatives acted as court gentlemen for the Liu-Song dynasty (?). This must be [the surname of] Dongyang. The Qixieji, scroll 7, mentions that there was once a Master Donglü, who was extremely rich but later became a poor adoist adept, saying that "During the six years I was counsellor, I never was able to promote a worthy." The descendants of the Xia dynasty were made Dukes of Donglou. Later on this became a surname. The Zhuangzi mentions a certain Dong Yeji. During the Han period there was Dongfang Shuo from Pingyuan. The Biography of Cao Man records a family He from Donglikun, magistrates of Nanyang. The [family register] Xingyuan knows the surname of Donglai.
【菄】東風菜，義見上注，俗加艹。	The vegetables of the east wind, meaning see above. In everyday use the radical "grass" is added.
【鶇】鶇鵍鳥名，美形。出《廣雅》，亦作𪂝。	Donghuan, name of a bird; beautiful. Recorded in the Guangya, also written 𪂝.
【䍶】獸名。《山海經》曰：「秦戲山有獸，狀如羊，一角一目，目在耳後，其名曰䍶。」又音陳，音棟。	Name of a beast. The Shanhaijing says, "there is a beast in Mt. Xishan in the region of Qin which looks like a goat, but with [only] one horn and one eye, and the eye is behind the ears. It is called [duŋ]." Also read [tʂʰən] and [tʰʊŋ].
【𠍀】儱倲儜劣皃，出《字諟》。	Longdong, weak and weary. Recorded in the Zidi [a dictionary by the Song period scholar Wang Bai 王柏].
【倲】上同。	Same as above.
【𩜍】《地理志》云：「東郡館名。」	The Dili zhi [which one?] says, word for 館 "foodstall/office" in Dongjun commandery.
【𢘐】古文，見道經。	Old word, to be found in Daoist writings.
【涷】瀧涷沾漬。《說文》曰：「水，出發鳩山，入於河。」又都貢切。	Longdong, moistening. The Shuowen jiezi says, a river, flowing from Mt. Fajiu, tributary to the Yellow River. Also read [dʊŋ˥˩].
【蝀】螮蝀虹也。又音董。	Daidung, the rainbow. Also read [dʊŋ˨˩]
【凍】凍凌。又都貢切。	Frozen. Also read [dʊŋ˥˩].
【鯟】魚名，似鯉。	Name of a fish, similar to a carp.
【𢔅】行皃。	Walking.
【崠】崠如，山名。	Dongru, name of a mountain.
【埬】上埬，地名。	Shangdong, a place name.
【𧓕】蛞𧓕，科斗蟲也。案：《爾雅》曰：「科斗活東。」郭璞云：「蝦蟆子也。」字俗從䖵。	Kuodong, same as kedou (tadpole). Note: The Erya says, tadpoles live in the east (dong). Guo Pu comments, these are the larvae of crabs. The character is commonly written with 䖵.
【䰤】醜皃。	Ugly.

Sources:

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Guangyun 廣韻 and the Pingshui Rhymes 平水韻