See also titles of rulers. The rulers of Zhao are said to be relatives of the Qin 秦 rulers. They served the rulers of Jin 晉 in the area of modern Shanxi province as viscounts (zi 子). After severe struggles the rulers of Zhao, Wei 魏, and Han 韓 divided the territory of Jin in 453 BC and in 403 were allowed to adopt the title of marquis (hou 侯). The capital of Zhao, Handan 邯鄲 was famous for its economic activities. While in the first part of the Warring States (Zhanguo) 戰國 period Zhao often united with Han and Wei against other states, Wei became one of the most prominent enemies of Zhao in the 4th century. Zhao constructed fortification walls in the north against intruding steppe tribes. Under King Wuling 趙武靈王 and his advisor Fei Yi 肥義 military and administrative reform were undertaken, and in 296 the neighboring state of Zhongshan 中山 could finally be destroyed. In 287 Zhao took part in the great coalition against Qin, but in the battle of Huayang 華陽 in 273 the Wei and Zhao armies were badly defeated by Qin, a similar massacre took place in 260 near Changping 長平. After Qin had destroyed Zhao in 228 Prince Jia 嘉 proclaimed himself King of Dai 代 whose territory was occupied by Qin in 222 BC. The name of the old state of Zhao only rarely as name for a dynasty (two of the Sixteen "Barbarian" Kingdoms Shiliuguo 十六國), only for imperial princedoms. Rulers of Zhao 趙Capitals: Zhao 趙 (near modern Huoxian 霍縣/Shanxi), Jinyang 晉陽 (near modern Taiyuan 太原/Shanxi), Zhongmou 中牟 (near modern Hebi 鶴壁/Hebei), Handan 邯鄲/Hebei Ji Sheng 季勝 (a brother of ruler Wulai of Qin) Mengzeng 孟增 Gaolang 皋狼 Hengfu 衡父 Zaofu 造父 Yanfu Gongzhong 奄父公仲 Shu Dai 叔帶 Zhao Su 趙夙 Ying Gongmeng (嬴)共孟 Zhao Shuai 趙衰 (Ying Shuai 嬴衰) Zhao Zhi 趙質 Zhao Zhuangzi 趙莊子 (Ying Shuo 嬴朔) Zhao Wu(wenzi) 趙武(文)子 (Ying Wu 嬴武) Zhao Jingzi 趙景子 (Ying Cheng 嬴成) Zhao Jianzi 趙簡子 (Ying Yang 嬴鞅) 517-458 Zhao Xiangzi 趙襄子 (Ying Wuxu 嬴無卹) 457-425 Zhao Huanzi 趙桓子 (Ying Jia 嬴嘉) 424 Zhao Xianzi 趙獻子 (Ying Wan 嬴浣) 423-409 Zhao Liehou 趙烈侯 (Ying Ji 嬴籍) 408-400 Zhao Wuhou 趙武侯 399-387 Zhao Jinghou 趙敬侯 (Ying Zhang 嬴章) 386-375 Zhao Chenghou 趙成侯 (Ying Zhong 嬴種) 374-350 Zhao Suhou 趙肅侯 (Ying Yu 嬴語) 349-326 Zhao Wulingwang 趙武靈王 (Ying Yong 嬴雍) 325-299 Zhao Huiwenwang 趙惠文王 (Ying He 嬴何) 298-266 Zhao Xiaochengwang 趙孝成王 (Ying Dan 嬴丹) 265-245 Zhao Daoxiangwang 趙悼襄王 (Ying Yan 嬴偃) 244-236 Zhao Youmiuwang 趙幽繆王(Ying Qian 嬴遷) 235-228 Ying Jia, King of Dai 代王(嬴)嘉 222 Zhao (Dai) destroyed by Qin 227-222 Zhongshan 中山 This state that was founded sometime during the Spring and Autumn (Chunqiu 春秋) period is said to be of Non-Chinese origin, founded by "White Di" 白狄 as a fiefdom called Xianyu 鮮虞. Zhongshan had often military conflicts with the neighboring state of Jin 晉. In 408 the kingdom of Zhongshan was destroyed by Wei 魏 but again could develop strength during the 4th century BC and was often attacked by Zhao 趙 and Qi 齊. In 323 the rulers of Zhongshan called themselves king (wang 王). After a long period of permanent war with Zhao, Zhongshan was destroyed in 295. Rulers of Zhongshan 中山 Capitals: Gu 顧 (modern Dingxian 定縣/Hebei), Lingshou 靈壽/Hebei Zhongshan Wugong 中山武公 (a grandson of King Zhou Dingwang) 414- ...5 generations... 295 destroyed by Zhao

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