Zhenji 陣紀

Zhenji 陣紀 "On battle arrays" is a military treatise written during the Ming period 明 (1368-1644) by He Liangchen 何良臣 (c. 1510). It has a length of 4 juan and includes 23 chapters.

Although the title only speaks of battle arrays, the Zhenji also covers a lot of themes related to military formations and the preparation for war. Recruitment, assembling the units, exercise, reward and punishment, formations on the battlefield, orders and commands are dealt with, and aspects of how to wage battle with cavalry, infantry, and chariots, in different territories and at night and in bad weather. The book's topics give a good overview of the traditional armies and their fighting techniques. Concretely analysed, it can also be seen what the weaknesses of the Ming period armies were and why they failed against rebel armies and the Manchus.

The troops obtained training for the five senses (eyes, ears, feet, hands, and heart) which then mutually supported each other. In the army, it was also possible that different units could take over such tasks for the whole corps, like skilled units (jidui 技隊), brave units (danqi dui 膽氣隊), or units displaying defiance of death (gansi dui 敢死隊). During battle, the troops needed to use advantageous moments in which their own strengths could be exhibited before advancing with great flexibility and without offering the enemy a chance to attack. It was always important to move first and to attack the enemy before he had made his lines impenetrable. The enemy had to be blocked from the retreat, a strong enemy had to be divided, a disturbed enemy had to be unsettled, a weak enemy must be attacked directly, a hesitating enemy had to be coerced, a stable enemy had to be deprived of his foothold, and a dispersed enemy must be assailed. When retreating, the enemy must be left unclear about one's position, and when advancing, the enemy must not know where one planned to attack.

The Zhenji also provides information about the use of weapons, the arrangement of battle arrays and the movement of troops on the battleground and in different territories.

There was a printed version made during the late Ming period. The Zhenji is included in the series Mohai jinhu 墨海金壺, Zhucong bielu 珠叢別錄, Siku quanshu 四庫全書 and Congshu jicheng 叢書集成.